Recipe Abbreviations

tsp.

teaspoonful

lb.

pound or pounds

TBSP.

tablespoonful

sq.

square

c.

cup

min.

minute or minutes

pt.

pint

hr.

hour or hours

qt.

quart

mod.

moderate

pk.

peck

doz.

dozen

bu.

bushel

E.P.

edible portion

oz.

ounce or ounces

A.S.

as purchased

Basic Liquid Equivalents

Dash

= less than ⅛ teaspoon

14 Tablespoons

= ⅞ cup

3 teaspoons

= 1 Tablespoon

16 Tablespoons

= 1 cup

4 Tablespoons

= ¼ cup

1 cup

= ½ pint (8 fl. ounces)

5⅓ Tablespoons

= ⅓ cup

2 cups

= 1 pint (16 fl. ounces)

8 Tablespoons

= ½ cup

2 pints

= 1 qt. (32 fl. ounces)

10 ⅔ Tablespoons

= ⅔ cup

4 qt.

= 1 gallon (128 fl. oz.)

12 Tablespoons

= ¾ cup

16 oz.

= 1 pound (dry weight)

Oven Temperatures

Slow

250-300°F

Moderate Hot

400°F

Slow-Moderate

325°F

Hot

425-450°F

Moderate

350-375°F

Very Hot

475-500°F

Boiling Temperatures of Water at Various Altitiudes

Sea Level

212.0°F.,

100.0°C

2,000 Ft.

208.4°F.,

98.4°C.

5,000 Ft.

203.0°F.,

95.0°C.

7,500 Ft.

198.4°F.,

92.4°C.

Approximate Substitutions

Flour

1 TBSP.

½ TBSP. cornstarch or arrowroot starch

Cake Flour

1 cup

⅞ cup all-purpose hard wheat flour

Corn Syrup

1 cup

1 cup sugar plus ¼ cup liquid when used to replace one half sugar in recipe

Honey

1 cup

1¼ cups sugar plus ¼ cup liquid

Chocolate

1 sq. (1 oz.)

3 TBSP. cocoa plus 1 TBSP. fat

Butter – Margarine

1 cup

⅞-1 cup hydrogenated fat plus ½ tsp. salt

Coffee Cream (20%)

1 cup

3 TBSP. butter plus approx. ⅞ cup milk

Heavy Cream (40%)

1 cup

⅓ cup butter plus approx. ¾ cup milk

Whole Milk

1 cup

1 cup reconstituted N.F. dry milk plus 2 tsp. margarine

1 quart

¾ cup powdered milk plus 3¾ cups water

1 quart

1½ cups milk crystals plus 3¾ cups water

Sour Milk or Butter – milk

1 cup

1 TBSP. vinegar or lemon juice plus sweet milk to make 1 cup. Let stand 5 minutes

Baking Powder

1 tsp.

¼ tsp. baking soda plus ½ cup fully soured milk or buttermilk

1 tsp.

¼ tsp. baking soda plus ½ TBSP. vinegar or lemon juice used with sweet milk to make ½ cup

1 tsp.

¼ tsp. baking soda plus ¼ to ½ cup molasses